Includes bibliographical references (p. 427-442) and index.

Each chapter concludes with "Clinical Case Study and Questions," "Summary" and "Review Exercises."



Foreword.



Acknowledgments.



1. Introduction.



Overview of Chapters.



2. The Nature of Sound.



Air Pressure.

Measurement of Air Pressure

Movement of Air

Air Pressure, Volume, and Density

Sound: Changes in Air Pressure

Elasticity and Inertia

Wave Motion of Sound

Characteristics of Sound Waves

Frequency and Period

Velocity and Wavelength

Sound Absorption and Reflection

Constructive and Destructive Interference

Pure Tones and Complex Waves

Speech as a Stream of Complex Periodic and Aperiodic Waves

Visually Depicting Sound Waves: Waveforms and Spectra



Attributes of Sounds

Frequency and Pitch

Human Range of Hearing

Amplitude and Intensity

Amplitude

Intensity

Decibel Scale

Advantages of the Decibel Scale

Auditory Area



Resonance

Free and Forced Vibration

Types of Resonators

Acoustic Resonators

Acoustic Resonators as Filters

Bandwidth

Cutoff Frequencies

Resonance Curves

Parameters of a Filter

Types of Filters



3. Clinical Application of Frequency and Intensity Variables.



Vocal Frequency and Amplitude

Frequency Variables

Average Fundamental Frequency

Frequency Variability

Maximum Phonational Frequency Range

Amplitude and Intensity Variables

Average Amplitude Level

Amplitude Variability

Dynamic Range

Voice Range Profile



Breakdowns in Control of Vocal Frequency and Amplitude

Voice Disorders

Neurological Disorders



4. The Respiratory System.



The Structure and Mechanics of the Respiratory System

Structures of the Lower Respiratory System

Bronchial Tree

Muscles of Respiration

Accessory Muscles of Respiration

Muscles of the Abdomen

Pleural Linkage

Moving Air Into and Out of the Lungs

Inhalation

Exhalation

Rate of Breathing

Lung Volumes and Capacities

Resting Expiratory Level

Lung Volumes

Tidal Volume

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

Expiratory Reserve Volume

Residual Volume

Dead Air

Lung Capacities

Vital Capacity

Functional Residual Capacity

Total Lung Capacity

Development of Lung Volumes and Capacities

Differences Between Breathing for Life and Breathing for Speech

Location of Air Intake

Ratio of Time for Inhalation versus Exhalation

Volume of Air Inhaled per Cycle

Muscle Activity for Exhalation

Air Pressures and Flows in Respiration

Air Pressures

Airflow

Lung Volume and Chest Wall Shape

Breathing Patterns for Speech

Changes in Speech Breathing over the Life-span



5. Clinical Application: Respiratory Breakdowns That Affect Speech Production.



Conditions That Affect Speech Breathing

Parkinson's Disease

Cerebellar Disease

Cervical Spinal Cord Injury

Cerebral Palsy

Mechanical Ventilation

Voice Disorders

Hearing Impairment



6. The Phonatory System.



The Vocal Mechanism

Laryngeal Skeleton

Bones and Cartilages

Joints of the Larynx

Valves within the Larynx

Aryepiglottic Folds

False Vocal Folds

True Vocal Folds

Cover-body Model

Glottis

Muscles of the Larynx

Extrinsic Muscles

Intrinsic Muscles

Myoelastic-Aerodynamic Theory of Phonation

Vertical and Longitudinal Phase Differences during Vibration

Voice Fundamental Frequency

Voice Intensity

Pressures Involved in Phonation

The Complex Sound Wave of the Human Voice

Glottal Spectrum

Harmonic Spacing

Nearly Periodic Nature of the Human Voice

Sources of fitter and Shimmer

Measurement of Jitter and Shimmer



Vocal Registers and Vocal Quality

Vocal Registers

Physiologic and Acoustic Bases of Pulse and Falsetto Registers

Pulse

Falsetto

Spectral Characteristics of Pulse and Falsetto

Use of Different Registers in Singing and Speaking



Voice Quality

Normal Voice Quality

Abnormal Voice Qualities

Acoustic Characteristics of Breathy and Rough or Hoarse Voice

Breathy Voice

Rough or Hoarse Voice

Ways of Measuring Registers and Quality

Electroglottography

EGG and Register

EGG Slope Quotients



7. Clinical Application: Measures of Jitter, Shimmer, and Quality.



Jitter and Shimmer Measures

Jitter and Shimmer Measures in Communication Disorders

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Parkinson's Disease

Endotracheal Intubation

Laryngeal Cancer

Functional Voice Problems

Stuttering

Measures of Voice Quality

Need for Objective Measures of Voice Quality

Aging

EGG and Vocal Disorders

EGG and Spasmodic Dysphonia

EGG and Parkinson's Disease



8. The Articulatory System.



Articulators of the Vocal Tract

Oral Cavity

Lips

Teeth

Dental Occlusion

Hard Palate

Soft Palate

Muscles of the Velum

Velopharyngeal Closure

Tongue

Muscles of the Tongue

Tongue Movements for Speech

Pharynx

Muscles of the Pharynx

Nasal Cavities

Valves of the Vocal Tract



Traditional Classification System of Consonants and Vowels

Place of Articulation of English Consonants

Manner of Articulation of English Consonants

Stops
Fricatives
Affricates

Nasals
Glides

Liquids

Voicing

Vowel Classification



Vocal Tract Resonance

Characteristics of the Vocal Tract Resonator

Vocal Tract Filtering of the Glottal Sound Wave

Source-filter Theory of Vowel Production

Formant Frequencies Related to Oral and Pharyngeal Volumes

Vowel Formant Frequencies

F1/F2 Plots

Spectrographic Analysis of Sounds

Vowels
Diphthongs

Glides

Liquids

Stops

Fricatives

Affricates
Nasals



The Production of Speech Sounds in Context

Coarticulation

Suprasegmentals

Intonation

Stress

Duration



9. Clinical Application: Breakdowns in Production of Vowels and Consonants.



Source-filter Theory and Problems in Speech Production

Dysarthria

Vowel Duration Measurements

Vowel Formant Measurements

Consonant Measures

Hearing Impairment

Segmental Problems

Suprasegmental Problems

Instrumentation in Treatment Programs for Deaf Speakers

Palatometry and Glossometry

Phonological Disorders

Tracheotomy

Cleft Palate



10. The Auditory System.



Parts of the Ear

Outer Ear

Tympanic Membrane

Middle Ear

Ossicles

Muscles

Auditory Tube

Functions of the Middle Ear

Inner Ear
Cochlea

Basilar Membrane
Cochlear Function



Perception of Speech

Segmentation Problem

Instrumental Analysis of Vowel and Consonant Perception

Perception of Vowels and Diphthongs

Vowels

Diphthongs

Perception of Consonants

Categorical Perception

Multiple Acoustic Cues in Consonant Perception

Influence of Coarticulation

Liquids

Glides

Nasals

Stops

Fricatives

Affricates

The Role of Context in Speech Perception



Immittance Audiometry, Otoacoustic Emissions, and Cochlear Implants

Immittance Audiometry

Tympanograms

Tympanometric Procedure

Tympanogram Shapes

Advantages of Tympanometry

Otoacoustic Emissions

Spontaneous and Evoked Otoacoustic Emissions

Cochlear Implants



11. Clinical Application: Perceptual Problems in Hearing Impairment, Language and Reading Disability, and Articulation Deficits.



Hearing Loss

Vowel Perception

Consonant Perception

Cochlear Implants

Otitis Media

Language and Reading Disability

Articulatory Problems



12. The Nervous System.



Brain tissue

Glial cells

Neurons

Types of neurons

Sensory receptors

Neuronal function

Conduction velocity



Functional anatomy of the nervous system

Central nervous system

Meninges

Ventricles

Overview of functional brain anatomy

Cortex

Lobes of the brain

Frontal lobe

Parietal lobes

Temporal lobes

Occipital lobe

Limbic lobe

Cortical connections

Commissural fibers

Association fibers

Projection fibers

Subcortical areas of the brain

Basal nuclei

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

Brainstem

Midbrain

Pons

Medulla

Cerebellum

Spinal cord

Cranial nerves

Blood supply to the brain



Motor control systems involved in speech production

Motor cortex

Upper and lower motor neurons

Direct and indirect systems

Motor units

Principles of motor control

Feedback and feedforward

Efference copy



13. Clinical Application of Brain Function Measures.



Techniques for imaging brain structure

Computerized tomography

Magnetic resonance imaging

Techniques for imaging brain function

Functional magnetic resonance imaging

Positron emission tomography

Single photon emission computed tomography

Electroencephalography and evoked potentials

Use of brain imaging techniques in communication disorders

Stuttering

Parkinson's disease

Multiple sclerosis

Alzheimer's disease



14. Models and Theories of Speech Production and Perception.



Theories

Models

Speech Production

The Serial-order issue

Degrees of Freedom

Context-sensitivity Problem

Theories of Speech Production

Target Models

Feedback and Feedforward Models

Dynamic Systems Models

Connectionist Models

Speech Perception

Linearity and Segmentation

Speaker Normalization

Basic Unit of Perception

Specialization of Speech Perception

Categories of Speech Perception Theories

Active versus Passive

Bottom-up versus Top-down

Autonomous versus Interactive

Theories of Speech Perception

Motor Theory

Acoustic Invariance Theory

Direct Realism

TRACE Model

Logogen Theory

Cohort Theory

Fuzzy Logical Model of Perception

Native Language Magnet Theory



Glossary



Appendix



IPA Symbols for Consonants and Vowels



References



Index

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