Includes bibliographical references (pages 334-368) and index.

ntroduction xiii

1 Normal Aspects of Articulation



Introduction 1

Structure of Language 1

Fundamentals of Articulatory Phonetics 6

Coarticulation: Interactions among Sounds in Context 35

Aerodynamic Considerations in Speech Production 41

Acoustic Considerations of Speech 44

Sensory Information in Speech Production 46

Generative Phonology 47

Optimality Theory 54

Which Phonological Theory to Select? 54

Summary of Levels of Organization of Speech 55

Concluding Note on Implications for Speech Acquisition 57

Questions for Chapter 1 59

2 Early Phonological Development 63

Models of Phonological Development: The Child as an Active Learner 63

Infant Perception: Breaking into the Code 72

Infant Production: Interaction of Maturation and Experience 78

The Transition Period: From Babble to Speech 84

Individual Differences: Profile of Two 1-Year-Old Girls 90

Systematization and Reorganization: From Word to Segment 92

Linguistic Perception beyond the Transition Period: Representing Speech Sounds 93

Questions for Chapter 2 98

3 Later Phonological Development 105

Establishing Group Norms: Large-Scale Studies 106

Phonological Processes: Systematicity in Production Errors 110

Profiling the Preschool Child: Individual Differences Revisited 118

Development of Perception beyond Early Childhood: Understanding Running Speech 124

Production in the School-Age Child: Continuing Change 128

Questions for Chapter 3 135

4 Etiology/Factors Related to Phonologic Disorders 139

Introduction 139

Structure and Function of the Speech and Hearing Mechanisms 141

Motor Abilities 164

Oral Myofunctional Disorders/Tongue Thrust 166

Neuromotor Disorders 171

Cognitive-Linguistic Factors 176

Psychosocial Factors 185

Conclusion 192

Questions for Chapter 4 192

5 Phonological Assessment Procedures 201

Phonological Sampling 201

Screening for Phonological Disorders 202

Comprehensive Phonological Assessment: Assessment Battery 205

Related Assessment Procedures 224

Determining the Need for Intervention 232

Target Behavior Selection 249

Other Factors to Consider in Case Selection-Intervention Decisions 255

Case Study 258

Assessment: Interpretation 261

Questions for Chapter 5 263

6 Remediation Procedures 268

Basic Considerations 268

Making Progress in Therapy: Generalization 275

Questions for Chapter 6 289

7 Treatment Approaches 292

Introduction 292

Treatment Continuum 293

Motor Learning Principles 294

Teaching Sounds: Establishment of Target Behaviors 295

Beyond Teaching Sounds: Treatment Approaches with a Motor Emphasis 304

Linguistic-Based Approaches to Intervention 315

Oral-Motor Activities as Part of Articulation Instruction 333

Intervention for Children with Developmental Verbal Dyspraxia (DVD) 335

Case Study 340

Intervention Recommendations 340

Questions for Chapter 7 344

8 Language and Dialectal Variations 348

Introduction 348

Dialect 348

Characteristics of American English Dialects 351

Spanish 358

Asian Languages 360

Phonological Development in Bilingual Children 362

Assessment Considerations for Children from Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Populations 364

Summary 370

Questions for Chapter 8 371

9 Phonological Awareness: Description, Assessment, and Intervention 376

Introduction 376

What Is Phonological Awareness? 376

Phonological Awareness as Literacy Development 378

The Development of Phonological Awareness 379

Phonological Awareness and Reading 384

Phonological Awareness and Disorders of Speech Production 386

Assessment 388

Intervention 395

Questions for Chapter 9 402

Appendix 407

Author Index 413

Subject Index 425