000			02412caa a2200205 4500
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022			_a1432-0460
100			_aGayathri Krishnan
245		2	_aA Systematic Review of the Influence of Bolus Characteristics on Respiratory Measures in Healthy Swallowing
260			_bSpringer _c2020
270			_aDepartment of Speech-Language Pathology, All India Institute of Speech and Hearing, Naimisham Campus, Manasagangotri, Mysuru, 570006, India
300			_a883–897
490			_vVolume 35
520			_aThere have been a number of studies on the effect of bolus volume, consistency, texture, temperature and taste on the oropharyngeal swallowing physiology. However, its influence on the respiratory function associated with swallow is not well understood. This study aimed at systematically analysing and documenting the prevailing research literature on respiratory functions before, during, and after healthy swallows of boluses with varied characteristics. The PRISMA guidelines were followed for retrieval of relevant research. From among the 48,329 reports screened for inclusion criteria, 25 articles were included for data extraction. Each of these reports was evaluated for its design, methodology and reporting quality and also the level of evidence provided by them. The results revealed that the scientific evidence in this regard was restricted to level II. Majority of the studies included considered bolus volume as the variable than bolus consistency, taste or temperature. Expiratory phase was preferred surrounding the apnea irrespective of volume, consistency or taste but changed with temperature variations across age groups. The reports are equivocal on the duration of respiratory apnea, and length of respiratory cycles before and after the apnea. The temporal coordination of pharyngeal swallow events was found to be independent of bolus volume. This review concluded that bolus characteristics have differential effects on the respiratory functions during swallow beyond a ‘central sensory threshold’ level. Objective standardization of bolus characteristics may be the immediate requirement for generalization of future research findings in this direction.
700			_aBalaji Rangarathnam
700			_aGoswami, S. P
773			_aDysphagia
856			_uhttps://doi.org/10.1007/s00455-020-10103-4
942			_cFJAS _yFJAS
999			_c17753 _d17753