11411cam a22002774a 4500001000900000003000400009005001700013008004100030010001700071020003500088040001800123042000800141050001900149082002000168100004500188245007300233250001200306260004800318300004800366504005100414505104360046565000191090170000301092085600911095085600921104112792076OSt20190827170859.0020529s2003 nyua b 001 0 eng  a 2002074287 a0195219104 (pbk. : alk. paper) aDLCcDLCdDLC apcc00aP90b.A32 200300a302.2 ADL R2231 aAdler, Ronald B.q(Ronald Brian),d1946-10aUnderstanding human communication /cRonald B. Adler, George Rodman. a8th ed. aNew York :bOxford University Press,c2003. axvii, 524 p. :bill. (some col.) ;c26 cm. aIncludes bibliographical references and index. aPreface PART I: ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION CHAPTER 1. HUMAN COMMUNICATION: WHAT AND WHY Communication Defined Communication Is Human Communication Is a Process Communication Is Symbolic Types of Communication Intrapersonal Communication Dyadic/Interpersonal Communication Small Group Communication Public Communication Mass Communication Functions of Communication Physical Needs Identity Needs Social Needs Practical Needs Modeling Communication A Linear Model A Transactional Model Communication Competence: What Makes an Effective Communicator? Communication Competence Defined Characteristics of Competent Communicators Clarifying Misconceptions about Communication Communication Does Not Always Require Complete Understanding Communication Is Not Always a Good Thing No Single Person or Event Causes Another's Reaction Communication Will Not Solve All Problems Meanings Rest in People, Not Words Communication Is Not Simple More Communication Is Not Always Better CHAPTER 2. PERCEPTION, THE SELF, AND COMMUNICATION Perceiving Others Narratives and Perception Common Perceptual Tendencies Situational Factors Influencing Perception Perception and Culture Empathy and Perception Perceiving the Self Self-Concept Defined Communication and Development of the Self Culture and the Self-Concept The Self-Concept, Personality, and Communication The Self-Fulfilling Prophecy Identity Management: Communication as Impression Management Public and Private Selves Characteristics of Identity Management Why Manage Impressions? How Do We Manage Impressions? Impression Management and Honesty CHAPTER 3. LANGUAGE The Nature of Language Language Is Symbolic Meanings Are in People, Not Words Language Is Rule-Governed The Power of Language Language Shapes Attitudes Language Reflects Attitudes Troublesome Language The Language of Misunderstandings Disruptive Language Evasive Language Gender and Language Content Reasons for Communicating Conversational Style Non-Gender Variables Sex Roles Culture and Language Verbal Communication Styles Language and World View Language Use in North American Culture CHAPTER 4. LISTENING Misconceptions about Listening Listening and Hearing Are Not the Same Thing Listening Is Not a Natural Process Listening Requires Effort All Listeners Do Not Receive the Same Message Overcoming Challenges to Effective Listening Faulty Listening Behaviors Reasons for Poor Listening Personal Listening Styles Content-Oriented People-Oriented Action-Oriented Time-Oriented Informational Listening Don't Argue or Judge Prematurely Separate the Message from the Speaker Be Opportunistic Look for Key Ideas Ask Questions Paraphrase Take Notes Critical Listening Listen for Information Before Evaluating Evaluate the Speaker's Credibility Examine the Speaker's Evidence and Reasoning Examine Emotional Appeals Empathic Listening Advising Judging Analyzing Questioning Supporting Prompting Paraphrasing When and How to Help? CHAPTER 5. NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION Characteristics of Nonverbal Communication Nonverbal Communication Exists Nonverbal Behavior Has Communicative Value Nonverbal Communication Is Primarily Relational Nonverbal Communication Is Ambiguous Much Nonverbal Communication Is Culture-Bound Differences between Verbal and Nonverbal Communication Single vs. Multiple Channels Discrete vs. Continuous Conscious vs. Unconscious Functions of Nonverbal Communication Repeating Substituting Complementing Accenting Regulating Contradicting Deceiving Types of Nonverbal Communication Posture and Gesture Face and Eyes Voice Touch Physical Attractiveness Clothing Distance Time Territoriality Environment PART II: INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION CHAPTER 6. UNDERSTANDING INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS Characteristics of Interpersonal Relationships What Makes Communication Interpersonal? Content and Relational Messages Metacommunication Intimacy in Interpersonal Relationships Dimensions of Intimacy Male and Female Intimacy Styles Cultural Influences on Intimacy Relational Development and Maintenance Developmental Models Dialectical Perspectives Characteristics of Relational Development and Maintenance Self-Disclosure in Interpersonal Relationships The Johari Window Model of Self-Disclosure Characteristics of Effective Self-Disclosure Guidelines for Appropriate Self-Disclosure Alternatives to Self-Disclosure CHAPTER 7. IMPROVING INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS Communication Climates in Interpersonal Relationships Confirming and Disconfirming Messages How Communication Climates Develop Creating Positive Communication Climates Managing Interpersonal Conflict The Nature of Conflict Styles of Expressing Conflict Characteristics of an Assertive Message Gender and Conflict Style Cultural Influences on Conflict Methods of Conflict Resolution Steps in Win-Win Problem-Solving Letting Go PART III: COMMUNICATION IN GROUPS CHAPTER 8. THE NATURE OF GROUPS What Is a Group? Interaction Interdependence Time Size Goals Goals of Groups and Their Members Individual Goals Group Goals Types of Groups Learning Groups Growth Groups Problem-Solving Groups Social Groups Characteristics of Groups Rules and Norms Roles Patterns of Interaction Decision-Making Methods Cultural Influences on Group Communication Individualism vs. Collectivism Power Distance Uncertainty Avoidance Task vs. Social Orientation Short- vs. Long-Term Orientation CHAPTER 9. SOLVING PROBLEMS IN GROUPS Problem-Solving in Groups: When and Why Advantages of Group Problem-Solving When to Use Groups for Problem-Solving Types of Problem-Solving Formats Approaches and Stages in Problem-Solving A Structured Problem-Solving Approach Developmental Stages in Problem-Solving Groups Maintaining Positive Relationships Basic Skills Building Cohesiveness Leadership and Power in Groups Power in Groups What Makes Leaders Effective? Overcoming Dangers in Group Discussion Information Underload and Overload Unequal Participation Pressure to Conform PART IV: PUBLIC COMMUNICATION CHAPTER 10. CHOOSING AND DEVELOPING A TOPIC Choosing a Topic Look for a Topic Early Choose a Topic That Interests You Defining Purpose General Purpose Specific Purpose Thesis Statement Analyzing the Speaking Situation The Listener: Audience Analysis The Occasion Gathering Information Internet Research Library Research Interviewing Personal Observation Survey Research Sample Speech CHAPTER 11. ORGANIZATION AND SUPPORT Structuring the Speech Working Outline Formal Outline Speech Outline Speaking Notes Principles of Outlining Standard Symbols Standard Format The Rule of Division The Rule of Parallel Wording Organizing Your Points in a Logical Order Using Transitions Beginning and Ending the Speech The Introduction The Conclusion Supporting Material Functions of Supporting Material Types of Supporting Material Styles of Support: Narration and Citation Using Visual Aids Types of Visual Aids Media for the Presentation of Visual Aids Rules for Using Visual Aids Sample Speech CHAPTER 12. PRESENTING YOUR MESSAGE Dealing with Stage Fright Facilitative and Debilitative Stage Fright Sources of Debilitative Stage Fright Overcoming Debilitative Stage Fright Types of Delivery Extemporaneous Impromptu Manuscript Memorized Practicing the Speech Guidelines for Delivery Visual Aspects of Delivery Auditory Aspects of Delivery Offering Constructive Criticism CHAPTER 13. INFORMATIVE SPEAKING Types of Informative Speaking By Content By Purpose Informative vs. Persuasive Topics An Informative Topic Tends to Be Noncontroversial The Informative Speaker Does Not Intend to Change Audience Attitudes Techniques of Informative Speaking Define a Specific Informative Purpose Create Information Hunger Make It Easy to Listen Emphasize Important Points Use a Clear Organization and Structure Use Supporting Material Effectively Use Clear Language Generate Audience Involvement Sample Speech CHAPTER 14. PERSUASIVE SPEAKING Characteristics of Persuasion Persuasion Is Not Coercive Persuasion Is Usually Incremental Persuasion Is Interactive Persuasion Can Be Ethical Categorizing Types of Persuasion By Types of Proposition By Desired Outcome By Directness of Approach Creating the Persuasive Message Set a Clear, Persuasive Purpose Structure the Message Carefully Use Solid Evidence Avoid Fallacies Adapting to the Audience Establish Common Ground Organize According to the Expected Response Adapt to a Hostile Audience Building Credibility as a Speaker Competence Character Charisma Sample Speech APPENDIX I. INTERVIEWING The Nature of Interviewing Interviewing Defined How Interviewing Differs from Conversation Planning the Interview The Interviewer's Role The Interviewee's Role Conducting the Interview Stages of an Interview The Interviewer's Responsibilities The Interviewee's Responsibilities The Selection Interview Employment Strategies Tips for the Interviewee The Information-Gathering Interview Prepare for the Interview Choose the Right Interviewee Informational Interviewing Tips Other Interview Types The Persuasive Interview The Counseling Interview The Survey Interview APPENDIX II. MEDIATED COMMUNICATION Types of Mediated Communication Mass Communication Mediated Interpersonal Communication Converging Communication Media Theories of Media Effects Flow Theories Bullet Theory Two-step Flow Multi-step Flow Social Learning Theory Individual Differences Cultivation Theory Agenda Setting Cumulative Effects Theory Cultural Studies Approaches Gender Analysis Political-Economic Analysis How We Use Media Media Consumers as Active Agents Types of Uses and Gratifications Different Theories, Different Observations Notes Glossary Credits Index 0aCommunication.1 aRodman, George R.,d1948-423Publisher descriptionuhttp://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0636/2002074287-d.html413Table of contents onlyuhttp://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0636/2002074287-t.html