05261nam a22001337a 4500020001500000082001400015100001800029245009000047260002600137300003900163505489000202650001605092700001905108 a0137152043 a410 PAR R aParker, Frank aLinguistics for Non-Linguists bA Primer with ExercisescFrank Parker & Kathryn Riley aBostonbPearsonc2009 a360 pagesb191 x 235 x 17mm | 630g aCONTENTS Preface ix CHAPTER ONE: Introduction 1 CHAPTER TWO: Pragmatics 4 IMPLICATURE 5 Conversational Maxims 5 SPEECH ACTS 7 A Taxonomy of Illocutionary Acts 8 Felicity Conditions 9 Explicit versus Nonexplicit Illocutionary Acts 11 Direct versus Indirect Illocutionary Acts 13 Expressed versus Implied Locutionary Acts 16 Literal versus Nonliteral Locutionary Acts 18 Overview of Speech Act Theory 19 SUMMARY 21 SUPPLEMENTARY READINGS 21 SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISES 21 EXPLORATORY EXERCISES 24 CHAPTER THREE: Semantics 26 BACKGROUND 27 SENSE 29 REFERENCE 34 TRUTH 38 SUMMARY 43 SUPPLEMENTARY READINGS 44 SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISES 44 EXPLORATORY EXERCISES 46 CHAPTER FOUR: Syntax 47 CATEGORIES 48 LEFT-TO-RIGHT ORDERING 49 CONSTITUENT STRUCTURE 53 X-BAR SYNTAX 60 TRANSFORMATIONS 63 Movement 65 Constraints on Movement 69 SUMMARY 72 SUPPLEMENTARY READINGS 72 SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISES 72 EXPLORATORY EXERCISE 78 CHAPTER FIVE : Morphology 79 MORPHEMES 80 LEXICAL AND GRAMMATICAL MORPHEMES 82 FREE AND BOUND MORPHEMES 82 INFLECTIONAL AND DERIVATIONAL MORPHEMES 83 Inflectional Affixes 83 Derivational Affixes 88 Differences between Types of Affixes 89 WORD-FORMATION PROCESSES 93 SUMMARY 95 SUPPLEMENTARY READINGS 95 SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISES 96 EXPLORATORY EXERCISES 98 CHAPTER SIX: Phonology 99 VOCAL TRACT 100 SEGMENTS 101 PHONEMIC ALPHABET 102 Vowels 102 Consonants 105 LEVELS OF REPRESENTATION 110 PHONOLOGICAL RULES 113 Aspiration 113 Vowel Lengthening 115 Vowel Nasalization 116 Flapping 118 Rule Ordering 119 SUMMARY 121 SUPPLEMENTARY READINGS 122 SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISES 122 EXPLORATORY EXERCISES 125 CHAPTER SEVEN: Language Processing 127 SENTENCE-LEVEL PHENOMENA IN LANGUAGE PROCESSING 127 Resolving Syntactic Ambiguity 128 Resolving Ambiguous Pronoun Reference 130 Understanding Negative Sentences 131 Processing Passive Sentences 133 Processing Complex Sentences 134 Processing Heavy NPs 135 DISCOURSE-LEVEL PHENOMENA IN LANGUAGE PROCESSING 136 Readability 136 Schemata and Scripts 137 Cohesion 138 Thematic Roles 140 The Given-New Contract 141 Reading between the Lines 143 SUMMARY 144 SUPPLEMENTARY READINGS 145 SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISES 145 EXPLORATORY EXERCISES 146 CHAPTER EIGHT: LANGUAGE VARIATION 148 LANGUAGE UNIVERSALS, LANGUAGES, DIALECTS, AND IDIOLECTS 149 REGIONAL VARIATION 150 Regional Lexical Variation 154 Regional Phonological Variation 157 SOCIAL VARIATION 161 Nonstandard Phonological Variation 163 Nonstandard Morphological Variation 167 Nonstandard Syntactic Variation 169 LANGUAGE AND GENDER 175 Gender as a Social Variable 175 Gender Patterns within Standard English 176 STYLISTIC VARIATION 179 Stylistic Lexical Variation 180 Stylistic Phonological Variation 180 Stylistic Morphological Variation 181 Stylistic Syntactic Variation 181 SUMMARY 182 SUPPLEMENTARY READINGS 183 SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISES 183 EXPLORATORY EXERCISES 186 CHAPTER NINE: LANGUAGE CHANGE 189 BACKGROUND 189 SEMANTIC CHANGE 191 SYNTACTIC CHANGE 193 Word Order Typology 193 Rule Change 194 MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGE 197 PHONOLOGICAL CHANGE 200 CAUSES OF CHANGE 201 SUMMARY 202 SUPPLEMENTARY READINGS 202 SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISES 203 EXPLORATORY EXERCISES 204 CHAPTER TEN: FIRST-LANGUAGE ACQUISITION 205 PRELINGUISTIC STAGES 206 LINGUISTIC STAGES 208 Acquisition of Phonology 209 Acquisition of Morphology 214 Acquisition of Syntax 218 Acquisition of Semantics 225 ISSUES IN LANGUAGE ACQUISITION 229 Nativism and Empiricism 229 Language-Specific and General Cognitive Capacities 231 Chomsky's Position 231 SUMMARY 237 SUPPLEMENTARY READINGS 237 SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISES 238 EXPLORATORY EXERCISES 242 CHAPTER ELEVEN: SECOND-LANGUAGE ACQUISITION 243 ISSUES IN SECOND-LANGUAGE ACQUISITION 244 Interlanguage Theory 244 Language Transfer 244 Other Linguistic Factors 245 PATTERNS IN SECOND-LANGUAGE ACQUISITION 249 Phonology 249 Morphology 251 Syntax 253 Semantics 255 NON-LINGUISTIC INFLUENCES ON SECOND-LANGUAGE ACQUISITION 257 SUMMARY 259 SUPPLEMENTARY READINGS 259 SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISES 260 EXPLORATORY EXERCISES 263 CHAPTER TWELVE: WRITTEN LANGUAGE 264 WRITING SYSTEMS 264 THE ENGLISH SPELLING SYSTEM 270 Reasons for Inconsistency in English Spelling 271 English Spelling and Morphophonemics 272 ANALYZING ERRORS IN WRITTEN ENGLISH 273 Phonology and Spelling 273 Morphology and Writing 276 SUMMARY 277 SUPPLEMENTARY READINGS 277 SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISES 278 EXPLORATORY EXERCISES 279 CHAPTER THIRTEEN: THE NEUROLOGY OF LANGUAGE 280 ANATOMY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 281 Lobes 283 Convolutions and Fissures 283 Broca's Area 284 Wernicke's Area 285 Supplementary Motor Cortex 286 HEMISPHERICAL SPECIALIZATION 287 Left-Hemisphere Dominance for Language 287 Left Brain versus Right Brain 291 Handedness 293 APHASIA 294 SUMMARY 299 SUPPLEMENTARY READINGS 299 SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISES 300 EXPLORATORY EXERCISES 303 References 305 Glossary 313 Answers to Selected Exercises 333 Author Index 341 Subject Index 343  aLinguistics aRiley, Kathryn