Includes bibliographical references (p. 421-451) and indexes.

Contents

Preface

Chapter 1 Clinical Framework: Basic Terms and Concepts

Communication, Speech, and Language

Subdivisions of Language

Articulation and Speech Sounds: Phonology and Phonemes

Articulation Disorders versus Phonological Disorders

Summary

Case Study

Think Critically
Test Yourself

Websites

Further Readings




Chapter 2 Phonetics - Articulatory Phonetics

Phonetics: Definitions and Classification

Vowels versus Consonants

American English Vowels

American English Consonants

Sounds in Context: Coarticulation and Assimilation

Syllable Structure

Summary

Case Study

Think Critically
Test Yourself

Websites

Further Readings




Chapter 3 Phonetic Transcription and Diacritics

Phonetic Transcription as a Notational System

Why Use Phonetic Transcription?

Diacritics

Diacritics Used with Consonants

Diacritics Used with Vowels

Diacritics for Stress, Duration, and Syllable Boundaries

Clinical Implications

Summary

Case Study

Think Critically
Test Yourself

Websites

Further Readings




Chapter 4 Theoretical Considerations and Practical Applications

Phonology

What Is Phonology?

How Does Phonology Work?

How Did the Concept of the Phoneme Develop?

Speech Sound versus Phoneme: Clinical Application

Distinctive Feature Theories What Are Distinctive Features?

How Do Distinctive Features Work?

How Did Distinctive Feature Theories Develop?

Distinctive Feature Theories: Clinical Application

Generative Phonology

What Is Generative Phonology?

How Does Generative Phonology Work?

How Did Generative Phonology Develop?

Distinctive Features and Generative Phonology: Clinical Application

Natural Phonology

What Is Natural Phonology?

How Does Natural Phonology Work?

Phonological Processes

How Did Natural Phonology Develop?

Natural Phonology: Clinical Application

Linear versus Nonlinear Phonologies

What Are Linear and Nonlinear Phonologies?

How Do Nonlinear Phonologies Work?

How Did Nonlinear Phonology Develop?

Nonlinear Phonologies: Clinical Implications

Summary

Case Study

Think Critically

Test Yourself

Websites

Further Readings

Appendix 4.1




Chapter 5 Normal Phonological Development

Aspects of Structural and Functional Development

Aspects of Perceptual Development

Prelinguistic Stages: Before the First Words

Vocoids

Contoids

Syllable Shapes

Babbling and Its Relationship to Later Language Development

Prosodic Feature Development

Transition from Babbling to First Words

The First Fifty Words

Segmental Form Development

Prosodic Feature Development

The Preschool Child

Segmental Form Development: Vowels

Segmental Form Development: Consonants

Phonological Processes

Prosodic Feature Development

English as a Second Language: Considerations for Phonological Development in Children

The School-Age Child

Segmental Form Development

Phonological Awareness, Emerging Literacy, and Phonological Disorders

Prosodic Feature Development

Summary

Case Study

Think Critically

Test Yourself

Websites

Further Readings




Chapter 6 Appraisal: Collection of Data

Evaluation by the Clinician

Initial Impression

Articulation Tests

Some Advantages and Disadvantages of Articulation Tests

Factors to Consider When Selecting a Measure of Articulation

Assessment Procedures to Supplement Articulation Tests

Organizing Articulation Test Results: Describing the Error

Stimulability Testing

Spontaneous Speech Sample

Organizing the Continuous Speech Sample

Evaluation of the Speech Mechanism

What to Look for When Evaluating the Speech Mechanism

Selection of Additional Assessment Measures

Hearing Screening

Language Testing

Specific Auditory Perceptual Testing

Cognitive Appraisal

Special Considerations

The Child with Emerging Phonology

The Unintelligible Child

Summary of the Data

Summary

Case Study

Think Critically

Test Yourself

Websites

Further Readings

Appendix 6.1: Speech-Motor Assessment Screening Form



Chapter 7 Dialects and English as a Second Language

Dialects

Regional Dialects

Ethnicity

African American Vernacular English

The Speaker of English as a Second Language

Spanish American English

Vietnamese American English

Cantonese American English

Hmong American English

Korean American English

Arabic American English


Implications for Appraisal

Summary

Case Study

Think Critically


Test Yourself

Websites

Further Readings





Chapter 8 Diagnosis: Articulation versus Phonological Emphasis

Preliminary Analysis: Inventory and Distribution of Speech Sounds

Using a Matrix to Examine the Inventory and Distribution of Speech Sounds

Phonemic Contrasts: Differentiating Articulation from Phonological Disorders

Decision Making: Primarily Articulatory Difficulties

Guidelines for Beginning Therapy: Phonetic Disorder

Decision Making: Primarily Phonological Difficulties

Inventory and Distribution of Speech Sounds

Syllable Shapes and Constraints

Phonological Contrasts

Phonological Error Patterns

Measures of Intelligibility and Severity

Measures of Intelligibility

Measures of Severity

Summary

Case Study

Think Critically

Test Yourself

Websites

Further Readings

Appendix 8.1: Single-Word Responses to Goldman-Fristoe Test of Articulation for Child H. H.

Appendix 8.2: Preliminary Matrix for Recording Utterances

Appendix 8.3: Matrix for Recording Phones According to Pre-, Inter-, and Postvocalic Word Positions for Child H. H.

Appendix 8.4: Overall Inventory of Phones for Child H. H.

Appendix 8.5: Proportional Occurrence of Consonant Phonemes in First-Grade, Third-Grade, and Fifth-Grade Children's Speech




Chapter 9 Therapy for Articulation Errors

Decision Making: When to Use a Phonetic Approach

Articulation Errors

Decision Making: A Phonetic Approach with Phonological Disorders ?

Therapy Sequence

General Overview of Therapy Progression

Individual Sound Errors

Misarticulations of [s] and [z]

Phonetic Description

Linguistic Function

Initial Remarks

Types of Misarticulation

Therapeutic Suggestions

Coarticulatory Conditions

Misarticulations of [ ] and [ ]

Phonetic Description

Linguistic Function

Initial Remarks

Types of Misarticulation

Therapeutic Suggestions

Coarticulatory Conditions

Misarticulations of [k] and [g]

Phonetic Description

Linguistic Function

Initial Remarks

Types of Misarticulation

Therapeutic Suggestions

Coarticulatory Conditions

Misarticulations of [l]

Phonetic Description

Linguistic Function

Initial Remarks

Types of Misarticulation

Therapeutic Suggestions

Coarticulatory Conditions

Misarticulations of [r] and the Central Vowels with R-Coloring

Phonetic Description

Linguistic Function

Initial Remarks

Types of Misarticulation

Therapeutic Suggestions

Coarticulatory Conditions

Misarticulations of [ ] and [d]

Phonetic Description

Linguistic Function

Types of Misarticulation

Therapeutic Suggestions

Coarticulatory Conditions

Misarticulations of [f] and [v]

Phonetic Description

Types of Misarticulation

Therapeutic Suggestions

Coarticulatory Conditions

Affricate Problems

Phonetic Description

Types of Misarticulation

Therapeutic Suggestions

Coarticulatory Conditions

Voicing Problems

Therapeutic Suggestions

Consonant Cluster Problems

Therapeutic Suggestions

Coarticulatory Conditions

Summary

Case Study

Think Critically

Test Yourself

Websites

Further Readings




Chapter 10 Treatment of Phonemic Errors






Treatment Principles

Minimal Pair Contrast Therapy

Minimal Opposition Contrast Therapy

Maximal Oppositions Approach

Evolution of Maximal Oppositions: The Complexity Approach

Multiple Oppositions Approach

Phonological Process Therapy

Cycles Training

Metaphon Therapy: A Phonological Awareness Approach

Phonological Disorders with Concurrent Language Problems: Therapeutic Suggestions

Connecting Phonology to Morphosyntax: Morphosyntax Intervention

Connecting Phonology to Semantics: Vocabulary Intervention

The Child with an Emerging Phonological System: Therapeutic Suggestions

Combining Phonology with Semantics: Developing a Lexicon

Treatment of Multiple Vowel Errors

The Child with a Very Limited Vowel Inventory: Therapeutic Suggestions

The Child with a High Proportion of Vowel Substitutions: Therapeutic Suggestions

Summary

Case Study

Think Critically

Test Yourself

Websites

Further Readings





Chapter 11 Articulatory/Phonological Disorders in Selected Populations

Childhood Apraxia of Speech: A Disorder of Speech Motor Control

Definition and General Features

Articulatory/Phonological Characteristics

Clinical Implications: Diagnostics

Clinical Implications: Therapeutics

Motor Speech Disorders: Cerebral Palsy

Definition and General Features

Articulatory/Phonological Characteristics

Clinical Implications: Diagnostics

Clinical Implications: Therapeutics

Clefting: Cleft Palate and Cleft Lip

Definition and General Features

Articulatory/Phonological Characteristics

Clinical Implications: Diagnostics

Clinical Implications: Therapeutics

Mental Disability

Definition and General Features

Articulatory/Phonological Characteristics

Clinical Implications: Diagnostics

Clinical Implications: Therapeutics

Hearing Impairment

Definition and General Features

Articulatory/Phonological Characteristics

Clinical Implications: Diagnostics

Clinical Implications: Therapeutics

Motor Speech Disorders: Acquired Apraxia of Speech

Definition and General Features

Articulatory/Phonological Characteristics

Clinical Implications: Diagnostics

Clinical Implications: Therapeutics

Motor Speech Disorders: The Dysarthrias

Definition and General Features

Articulatory/Phonological Characteristics

Clinical Implications: Diagnostics

Clinical Implications: Therapeutics

Summary

Case Study

Think Critically

Test Yourself

Websites

Further Readings

Glossary

References

Author Index

Subject Index