Preface ix Chapter 1. Respiration and Pulmonary Initiation 1 1.1. The rib cage 2 1.2. Lungs 3 1.3. Normal respiration 5 1.4. Respiration muscles 5 1.5. Pulmonary capacity and pulmonary volume 10 1.6. Respiration in phonation 11 Chapter 2. Phonation and the Larynx 23 2.1. The larynx 23 2.2. The laryngeal cartilages 30 2.3. Joints and ligaments 32 2.4. The larynx muscles 35 2.5. Innervation of the larynx 50 2.6. The mucous membrane of the larynx 50 2.7. Phonation 50 2.8. The linguistic functions of laryngeal activity 59 2.9. Phonetic features 63 Chapter 3. Articulation: Pharynx and Mouth 65 3.1. The oral cavity 66 3.2. The pharynx 77 Chapter 4. Articulation: The Labio-Mandibular System 97 4.1. The lips: anatomical and functional description 98 4.2. The jaw 106 4.3. Linguistic functions of lip movement 110 4.4. Motor coordination between the lips and the lower jaw 114 Chapter 5. Elements of Articulatory Typology 117 5.1. Aerodynamic mechanisms 117 5.2. Phonatory modes 121 5.3. Articulation 125 Chapter 6. The Articulatory Description of Vowels and Consonants 133 6.1. Vowels 134 6.2. Consonants 141 Chapter 7. Coarticulation and Co-production 153 7.1. Translation models 155 7.2. Action models 161 7.3. Towards a direct theory of speech production 165 7.4. The nature of coarticulation phenomena 173 7.5. Interpretation of coarticulation phenomena 177 7.6. Conclusion 177 Bibliography 179 Index 209